Molecular detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in different poultry breeds of Abbottabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan / Detecção molecular de Mycoplasma gallisepticum em diferentes raças de aves de Abbottabad e Rawalpindi, Paquistão

The poultry sector in Pakistan is contributing mainly in bridging gap between demand and supply for protein. Mycoplasma gallisepticum is an emerging bacterium causing serious problems in poultry industry of Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the M. gallisepticum load in poultry populated regions of Pakistan. Total 600 serum and 600 swab samples were collected, 200 from each broiler, layers and breeders poultry in Rawalpindi and Abbottabad districts. Serum samples were analyzed through ELISA for seroprevalence. Swabs were cultured on Frey’s medium followed by PCR and partial mgc2 gene sequencing. Results of seroprevalence of M. gallisepticum showed that layers (75%, n=150) are more positive as compared to breeders (70%, n=140) and broilers (50%, n=100). Typical colonies of the M. gallisepticum were observed in breeder (26.5%), followed by layer (21%) and broilers (9%). A total of 37.1% (n=42) samples were identified positive through PCR out of total 113 cultured based positive samples. A total of six M. gallisepticum isolates of current study showed 98-99 percent similarity with previously reported isolates on the basis of mgc2 gene partial sequencing. The M. gallisepticum was found highly prevalent in different poultry breads. Results of this study would add into basic data and provide a direction for livestock sector to strengthen a control strategy for mycoplasmosis in poultry farms.

O setor avícola do Paquistão está contribuindo principalmente para preencher a lacuna entre a demanda e a oferta de proteína. Mycoplasma gallisepticum é uma bactéria emergente que causa sérios problemas na indústria avícola do Paquistão. Um estudo transversal foi conduzido para avaliar a carga de M. gallisepticum em regiões de avicultura do Paquistão. Um total de 600 amostras de soro e 600 amostras de esfregaço foi coletado, 200 de cada frango de corte, poedeiras e aves reprodutoras nos distritos de Rawalpindi e Abbottabad. Amostras de soro foram analisadas por ELISA para soroprevalência. As zaragatoas foram cultivadas em meio Frey, seguido de PCR e sequenciação parcial do gene mgc2. Os resultados da soroprevalência de M. gallisepticum mostraram que as poedeiras (75%, n = 150) são mais positivas em comparação com matrizes (70%, n = 140) e frangos de corte (50%, n = 100). Colônias típicas de M. gallisepticum foram observadas em reprodutoras (26,5%), seguidas de poedeiras (21%) e frangos de corte (9%). Um total de 37,1% (n = 42) das amostras foi identificado como positivas por PCR de um total de 113 amostras positivas baseadas em cultura. Um total de seis isolados de M. gallisepticum do estudo atual mostrou 98-99% de similaridade com isolados relatados anteriormente com base no sequenciamento parcial do gene mgc2. O M. gallisepticum foi encontrado com alta prevalência em diferentes pães de aves. Os resultados deste estudo acrescentariam dados básicos e forneceriam orientação para o setor pecuário fortalecer uma estratégia de controle da micoplasmose em granjas avícolas.

Primer aislamiento de Mycoplasma leachii asociado a enfermedad en terneros de tambo en Argentina / First report of Mycoplasma leachii isolation associated with disease in dairy calves in Argentina

There are few reports about the isolation of Mycoplasma species associated with cattle disease in Argentina. In this work we describe the detection of Mycoplasma leachii associated with disease in dairy calves in Santa Fe Province, Argentina. Samples obtained from a 4 day-old dairy calf suffering from polyarthritis and from two other calves, one with arthritis and the other one with a mandibular abscess, were subjected to microbiological culture. Classical culture and generic PCR confirmed the presence of Mycoplasma spp. The spacer region between the 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA gene from the first isolate was amplified and sequenced. The sequence obtained showed 99% identity with M. leachii. A PCR was developed to amplify a specific fragment of the 16S-23S ITS region corresponding to M. leachii, which allowed to identify the isolates associated with disease in calves.

Existen pocos informes acerca del aislamiento de especies de Mycoplasma asociadas con enfermedades del ganado en Argentina. En esta comunicación se describe el aislamiento de Mycoplasma leachii asociado a enfermedad en terneros de tambo en la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. Se obtuvieron muestras de un ternero de 4 días de vida con poliartritis, de un ternero con artritis y uno con un absceso mandibular. A partir del cultivo clásico se detectó la presencia de Mycoplasma, lo cual fue confirmado por PCR genérica. Se amplificó y secuenció la región ITS 16S-23S a partir del primer aislamiento, mostrando una identidad del 99% con Mycoplasma leachii. Se desarrolló una PCR para amplificar un fragmento específico de la región ITS 16S-23S correspondiente a M. leachii, que permitió identificar los aislamientos asociados con enfermedad en terneros.

Infecções respiratórias altas: dor de garganta / Upper respiratory infections

As doenças das vias aéreas superiores fazem parte da rotina diária dos ambulatórios de Clínica Médica. O presente artigo destaca as doenças da orofaringe, em especial o sintoma de dor de garganta. Enfatiza os principais agentes etiológicos, por exemplo, vírus, bactérias ou fungos. Descreve o diagnóstico clínico, os exames complementares e a terapêutica específica para cada caso.

Role of mycoplasma in male infertility

We trace the evidence-based evolution of ureaplasmal male infertility as an established clinical entity. We review epidemiology data, possible pathogenic mechanisms of Ureaplasma urealyficurn in infertility, and the results of isolation studies and therapeutic trials. Future developments are outlined

Detection of different bacteria causing decreased hatchability in turkey ecgs

A total of 360 eggs collected from turkey farms, from low fertility and low hatchability, were examined for both Mycoplasma and egg borne bacterial diseases. Fresh fertile eggs revealed the recovery of Mycoplasma meleagridis [50%] and Salmonella typhimurium [20%]. From non-fertile eggs, Mycoplasma iowae [50%], Mycoplasma gallopavonis [25%] were isolated. No bacteria were recovered from the non-fertile eggs. From dead embryos several Mycoplasma species were isolated viz., Mycoplasma iowae [25%], Mycoplasma meleagridis [25%] and Mycoplasma gallopuvonis [25%]. Mixed infection with coliforms were isolated from all the internal contents of the eggs and dead embryos

Experimental mastitogenicity of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae for rabbit mammary glands.

Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae of cow-udder origin was tested in rabbit mammary-glands for its mastitogenic capability. Establishment of mycoplasma organisms and presence of histopathological lesions in mammary glands were the parameters for describing mastitogenic potential. The reisolation of injected Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae organisms in the pure form from the infected glands along with the occurrence of histopathological changes were suggestive of mastitis during the entire 8-days period of observation. Rabbit mammary-gland is recommended as a potential in vivo experimental laboratory model to screen the mastitogenic potential of mycoplasmas of animal-udder origin.

Micoplasmas y SIDA / Mycoplasma and AIDS

El SIDA es una compleja enfermedad inducida por HIV tipo 1 y 2, que provoca una marcada inmunodeficiencia, causada fundamentalmente por la gran depleción de los linfocitos T CD4+. Las causas de esa depleción no han sido suficientemente aclaradas. En 1986, Shyh-Ching Lo conmovió a la comunidad científica con la aparente evidencia de que los micoplasmas podrían ser causa directa de la patología del SIDA. Desde ese momento diversas teorías le adjudican el papel de cofactores de la enfermedad, comensales o simples oportunistas. Los resultados de la experimentación in vitro e in vivo son controvertidos, pero sugieren un posible mecanismo que explicaría el sinergismo entre ambos organismos: el micoplasma sería parte de la flora normal del intestino y podría trasladarse a uretra, orofaringe o sangre, debido a prácticas sexuales de alto riesgo. Una vez allí, podría proliferar, amparado por desórdenes inmunológicos tempranos relacionados con HIV. Se ha especulado acerca de que diversos microorganismos, incluídos los micoplasmas, actuando como superantígenos provocarían activación crónica de los linfocitos T CD4+ y CD8+ infectados con HIV, los que responderían en forma patológica por la vía de la apoptosis. Por otra parte, los micoplasmas al inducir la producción de citoquinas influenciarían en la progresión de la enfermedad

Bacterial and genital mycoplasmal colonization of cervix: role of copper containing intrauterine devices

Bacterial and Genital Mycoplasmal colonization of the cervix were evaluated among 120 women using copper T 380 A intrauterine contraceptive device [IUD]for periods of variable lengths compared to 40 women attending the family planning clinic at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital for IUD application. We found that there is no significant difference among bacterial isolates in both groups, however, there is a highly significant relationship between the use of copper containing IUD and the increased prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum [U. urealyticum] [P < 0.01] but not Mycoplasma hominis [M. hominis] [P < 0.05]. So our conclusion was that copper containing devices are not associated with qualitative difference among bacterial isolates but there is an increased prevalence of U. urealyticum which may have an effect later on the next expected pregnancy after removal of the IUD

Comparación de pruebas serológicas para el diagnóstico de mastitis por Mycoplasma bovis / Comparison of serological tests for the diagnosis of mastitis by Mycoplasma bovis

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la prueba de hemaglutinación pasiva, inhibición de crecimiento e inhibición de película como métodos para el diagnóstico serológico de mastitis causada por Mycoplasma bovis (Mb). El grupo testigo fue de 40 vacas Holstein sin historia de mastitis por Mycoplasma sp. El grupo problema fue un hato de 57 vacas Holstein. De ambos grupos se obtuvieron muestras de sangre y de leche en condiciones de asepsia. Con el suero sanguíneo se hicieron las pruebas del estudio y se intentó hacer el aislamiento de las muestras de leche. Se obtuvieron 16 aislamientos de Mycoplasma bovis. Se encontró que la prueba de hemaglutinación pasiva tenía 25 por ciento de sensibilidad y una especificidad del 90 por ciento. La prueba de inhibición de crecimiento tuvo una sensibilidad del 62.5 por ciento y especificidad del 95 por ciento. La prueba de inhibición de película presentó una sensibilidad del 100 por ciento y una especificidad del 52.5 por ciento. Se encontró que los títulos de hemaglutinación pasiva en animales infectados se incrementaron hasta 1:160; a diferencia del grupo testigo que llegaron hastas 1:40. En cuanto a la inhibición de crecimiento, los halos fueron de 2 hasta 15 mm en el hato problema y en el grupo testigo, la mayoría no presentó inhibición. Se concluyó que la prueba que mejoro funciona a nivel de hato es la de inhibición de crecimiento

Occurrence of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis in Egyptian schistosomal patients with urinary tract infections cancer bladder and urinary stones

The present study was done to elucidate the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum [U. urealyticum] and Mycoplasma hominis [M. hominis] in Egyptian schistosomal patients with urinary tract infections [UT1], cancer bladder and urinary stones. Four groups were studied, the first included 40 male patients with simple urinary schistosomiasis, the second and third groups [30 patients each] included schistosomal patients complicated with urinary stones and cancer bladder respectively, while the fourth group included 40 normal subjects as controls. Mid stream urine, bladder urine and stones in the second group were tested for M. hominis and U. urealyticum by culture on A[7] agar, U[9] broth, mycoplasma agar, mycoplasma broth and inoculation into Mycofast All-In. U. urealyticum and M. hominis were isolated from both mid stream and bladder urine samples in patients with urinary. stones in 23.3%. In cancer bladder patients 13.3% were positive, while patients with simple urinary schistosomiasis were positive in 17.5%. Stone culture revealed 20% positivity. In the contorl group only mid stream urine revealed 7.5% positivity. Comparing the results obtained on A[7] agar, U[9] broth and mycoplasma agar and broth [classic ordinary culture media for mycoplasmas] with those obtained by Mycofast All in method, same results were obtained. The current work revealed that mycoplasmas may be regarded as a considerable aetiological agents in urinary tract infections especially in patients complicated with cancer bladder, urinary schistosomiasis and urinary stones which necessitates proper indentification and treatment. The Mycofast All-In test may be used as an alternative rapid and easy method for diagnosis of mycoplasmas

Role of mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum in patients with chronic prostatitis

This study was done to elucidate the role of Mycoplasma hominis [M. hominis] and Ureaplasma urealyticum [U. urealyticum] in patients with chronic prostatitis. The study was done on two groups. The first group included 50 male patients with chronic prostatitis, the second group included 10 normal subjects as controls. Urine samples before and after prostatic massage and prostatic secretions were collected from all patients and controls. Prostatic secretions were used for preparation of wet and Gram stained films, culture on conventional culture media and to inoculate Mycofast AlI- In trays. Conventional cultures revealed positive growth in 74% of cases. Strept faecalis and Staph epidermides were the commonest organisms isolated. 26% of cases and all the controls revealed no growth. The overall isolation rate of U. urealyticum and M. hominis was 12%. Each of U. urealyticum and M. hominis was detected in 4% of cases and both organisms occured in 4% of cases. All controls were negative for mycoplasmas. Regarding antibiotic susceptibility, all M. hominis and U. urealyticum strains were susceptible to minocycline, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin except one strain of U. urealyticum which was resistant to ciprofloxacine. We concluded that mycoplasmas may be considered as an aetiological agent in chronic prostatitis either solely or in combination with other bacteria. Also, it is concluded that mycofast All-In kit, which is a rapid and easy test, can be used for routine diagnosis of mycoplasma infections

Role of chlamydia and mycoplasma in the etiology of nongonococcal urethritis [NGU] in men

A total of 70 men [patients and controls] were included in the present study. 50 patients complained either of spontaneous urethral discharge or a discharge was demonstrable on penile stripping with >/= 4 PMNs/HPF in urethral smear and with negative smear and culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae; these men were designated as the NGU group. The remaining 20 men were completely asymptomatic; they were designated as the control group. By passage of urethral swabs specimens were obtained for smear and culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, culture for mycoplasma, and smear for chlamydia [for immunofluorescence staining]. Chlamydia tracomatis was identified from significantly more NGU patients [23 [46%] of 50] than from men with no-urethitis [1 [5%] of 20]. Ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated from 14 [28%] of 50 NGU, this agent was found to be significantly associated with chlamydia-negative NGU patients [11 [41%] of 27 patients] than either chlamydia-positive NGU [3 [13%] of 23 patients] or men with no-urethritis [3 [15%] of 20 men]. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference in the rate of isolation of Mycoplasma hominis between NGU patients and controls. Clinically there were no prominant differences observed between the NGU group and the control group

Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with lower respiratory tract infection

Two hundred children with lower respiratory tract manifestations were investigated for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, using the diphasic culture medium for its isolation and the ELISA test, for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, specific IgM. The organism was isolated from the nasopharyngeal specimens of 8% of the causes, in 3% of these it was associated with other bacterial or viral pathogens. The sera of all the positive cases showed high titer of specific IgM for mycoplasma, but only eight of these showed significantly rising titer. The organism significantly isolated in the older age group. The results of this study denoted that Mycoplasma pneumoniae plays a role in lower respiratory tract infections among children, which must be a point of awareness during their management

Efeitos clastogenicos causados por varios sorotipos de Ureaplasma urealyticum e especies do genero Mycoplasma sobre culturas temporarias de linfocitos / Clastogenic effects caused by serotypes of Ureaplasma urealyticum and species of the genus Mycoplasma on linphocytes temporary cultures

Os efeitos clastogenicos causados por diferentes cepas Ureaplasma urealyticum e por cepas do genero Mycoplasma foram avaliados in vitro, utilizando-se culturas temporarias de linfocitos humanos. Os resultados obtidos neste modelo experimental in vitro, revelaram haver comportamentos diferentes entre os varios sorotipos de Ureaplasma urealyticum e entre especies do genero Mycoplasma. Essas diferencas observadas in vitro poderao de alguma forma contribuir para melhor compreensao dos efeitos da colonizacao desses microorganismos em humanos

Padronizaçäo do teste Elisa indireto para sorodiagnóstico de Mycoplasma bovis / Standardization of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis

Foi desenvolvido um teste Elisa indireto para o sorodiagnóstico de Mycoplasma bovis.Foi avaliado o uso de albumina de sorobovino (BSA) como agente bloqueador.Dois tipos de microplacas foram avaliadas em combinaçäo com as células como antígeno bem como, fragmentadas após sonicaçäo.Os resultados mostraram que o uso de BSA näo melhorou a sensibilidade e a esfecificidade do teste;o antígeno de M.bovis sonicado foi o mais satisfatório e que as microplacas de cloreto de polivinila säo superiores àquelas feitas de polistireno.a concentraçäo ótima dos reagentes foi discutida.

role of mycoplasma in acute exacerbation of chronic otitis media

Clinical and bacteriological study of 73 patients suffering from acute exacerbation of chronic otitis media. Showed that mycoplasma infection is not uncommon cause of acute exacerbation of chronic ear [13.7%]. The commonest affected age is below 5 years. There is no particular clinical features which may attract the attension of the otologist to the mycoplasma infection. The infection of the middle ear by mycoplasma may be either, blood born or via the Eustachian tube. There may be some factors, that inhibit the growth of mycoplasma on culturing

Patogenicidade de amostras de Mycoplasma synoviae isoladas no Brasil / Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma sinoviae strains isolated in Brazil

Comparou-se, em ovos embrionados, a virulência de quatro amostras brasileiras de Mycoplasma sinoviae (Ms) com a da amostra padräo MS WVU 1853. Um dos isolados e a amostra padräo tiveram o mesmo índice de mortalidade embrionária indicando alta virulência. Dois isolados tiveram virulência semelhante à do grupo controle, näo detectável pelo método utilizado, e o quinto isolado apresentou virulência intermediária

Mycoplasma pneumoniae of adults in Iraq

In a study of 150 patients with community acquired pneumoniae, 24 [16%] were proved to be mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. There was a peak inoidence in spring. Apart from two patients with erythema mualtiforme clipical findings were not specific. Radiological findings were also not specific and it was unilateral in 41.66%. complement fixation test was diagnostic whereas cold agglutinins test was positive in less than 50% of patients. Erythromycin was effective in alI, though complete radiological resolution took more than 4 weeks

Role of mycoplasma in infertility

Twenty five couples attending an infertility clinic had been investigated to determine the cause of their infertility. These couples with unexplained infertility were part of a much larger group of patients who originally presented to the clinic with infertility. The organism have been isolated from semen and the cervical mucus of fertile and infertile couples. A higher frequency of positive culture was found in the semen of infertile men. Statistical study indicated, decreased sperm motility in ejaculates containing mycoplasms but not significant in their distribution in infertile couples. However, a definite causal relationship between mycoplasma and unexplained infertility has not been established. It is advisable to screen either all female or male infertility patients or patients with unexplained infertility for mycoplasma. If cultures are positive, specially for u. urealyticum, treatment of both partners is indicated. Treatment depends on tetracycline, or doxycycline or erythromycin